For starters your /etc/asound.conf should look something like the below.
IE: You should have a softvol plugin somewhere in the chain, because the PCM hardware doesn’t directly support any kind of volume control.
With that in place, drop to Terminal (F4) and run alsamixer
then crank the volume up as high as you need.
pi@retropie:~ $ cat /etc/asound.conf
pcm.real {
type hw
card 0
device 0
}
pcm.dmixer {
type dmix
ipc_key 1024
ipc_perm 0666
slave.pcm "real"
slave {
period_time 0
period_size 1024
buffer_size 8192
rate 44100
}
bindings {
0 0
1 1
}
}
ctl.dmixer {
type hw
card 0
}
pcm.softvol {
type softvol
slave.pcm "dmixer"
control {
name "PCM" # Masquerade as the default "PCM" sound device on Pi (for EmulationStation)
card 0
}
}
pcm.!default {
type plug
slave.pcm "softvol"
}